Author: Aristotle
Date: c. 335 to 322 BCE
Genre: Philosophy
Country: Ancient Greece
Aristotle’s best-known work on ethics: the science of the good for human life, that which is the goal or end at which all our actions aim. It consists of ten sections, referred to as books, and is closely related to Aristotle’s Eudemian Ethics. The work is essential for the interpretation of Aristotelian ethics.
Author: Longus
Date: c. 2nd century CE
Genre: Pastoral Novel
Country: Ancient Greece
A tender novel describing eager and inept young love, Daphnis and Chloe tells the story of a baby boy and girl who are discovered separately, two years apart, alone and exposed on a Greek mountainside. Taken in by a goatherd and a shepherd respectively, and raised near the town of Mytilene, they grow to maturity unaware of one another’s existence – until the mischievous god of love, Eros, creates in them a sudden overpowering desire for one another. A masterpiece among early Greek romances, attracting both high praise and moral disapproval, this work has proved an enduringly fertile source of inspiration for musicians, writers and artists from Henry Fielding to Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Maurice Ravel. Longus transforms familiar themes from the romance genre – including pirates, dreams, and the supernatural – into a virtuoso love story that is rich in insight, humorous and ironical in its treatment of human sexual experience.
Author: Vyasa
Date: circa 8th century BCE – 3rd century BCE
Genre: Epic
Country: Ancient India
Originally published in the year 1951, the huge popularity of the book has resulted in the book being re-printed several times. Centuries ago, it was proclaimed of the Mahabharata: “What is not in it, is nowhere.” But even now, we can use the same words about it. He who knows it not, knows not the heights and depths of the soul; he misses the trials and tragedy and the beauty and grandeur of life. The Mahabharata is not a mere epic; it is a romance telling the tale of heroic men and women, and of some who were divine. It is a whole literature in itself, containing a code of life, a philosophy of social and ethical relations, and speculative thought on human problems that is hard to rival.
Author: Valmiki
Date: 7th century BCE – 3rd century CE
Genre: Epic
Country: Ancient India
India’s most beloved and enduring legend, the Ramayana is widely acknowledged to be one of the world’s great literary masterpieces. Still an integral part of India’s cultural and religious expression, the Ramayana was originally composed by the Sanskrit poet Valmiki around 300 b.c. The epic of Prince Rama’s betrayal, exile, and struggle to rescue his faithful wife, Sita, from the clutches of a demon and to reclaim his throne has profoundly affected the literature, art, and culture of South and Southeast Asia-an influence most likely unparalleled in the history of world literature, except, possibly, for the Bible.
Author: Sappho
Date: c. 630 – c. 570 BCE
Genre: Lyric Poetry
Country: Ancient Greece
These hundred poems and fragments constitute virtually all of Sappho that survives and effectively bring to life the woman whom the Greeks consider to be their greatest lyric poet. Mary Barnard’s translations are lean, incisive, direct–the best ever published. She has rendered the beloved poet’s verses, long the bane of translators, more authentically than anyone else in English.
Author: Euripides
Date: c. 420 and 406 BCE
Genre: Play, Tragedy
Country: Ancient Greece
The curse placed on Oedipus lingers and haunts a younger generation in this new and brilliant translation of Sophocles’ classic drama. The daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, Antigone is an unconventional heroine who pits her beliefs against the King of Thebes in a bloody test of wills that leaves few unharmed. Emotions fly as she challenges the king for the right to bury her own brother. Determined but doomed, Antigone shows her inner strength throughout the play.
Author: Apuleius
Date: Late 2nd century AD
Genre: Picaresque novel
Country: Ancient Rome
This classic novel follows the protagonist, a young man who is transformed into a donkey after meddling with magic he doesn’t understand. His journey takes him through a series of adventures, where he encounters a variety of characters from different walks of life and gets into all sorts of trouble. Through his experiences, he gains a deeper understanding of the human condition and the world around him. The narrative also includes several mythological tales and allegories, including the famous story of Cupid and Psyche. Eventually, the protagonist regains his human form through divine intervention, having learned valuable lessons about life, love, and humanity.
Author: Sophocles
Date: c. 429 BCE
Genre: Play, Tragedy
Country: Ancient Greece
“Oedipus the King” is a tragic play that revolves around the life of Oedipus, the king of Thebes, who is prophesied to kill his father and marry his mother. Despite his attempts to avoid this fate, Oedipus unknowingly fulfills the prophecy. When he discovers the truth about his actions, he blinds himself in despair. The play explores themes of fate, free will, and the quest for truth, highlighting the tragic consequences of human hubris and ignorance.
Author: Virgil
Date: c. 29 and 19 BCE
Genre: Epic Poetry
Country: Ancient Greece
This epic poem tells the story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travels to Italy, where he becomes the ancestor of the Romans. It includes a series of prophecies about Rome’s future and the deeds of heroic individuals, and is divided into two sections, the first illustrating the hero’s journey and the second detailing the wars and battles that ensue as Aeneas attempts to establish a new home in Italy. The narrative is deeply imbued with themes of duty, fate, and divine intervention.
Author: Homer
Date: circa 522 BCE
Genre: Epic Poetry
Country: Ancient Greece
This epic poem focuses on the final weeks of the Trojan War, a conflict between the city of Troy and the Greek city-states. The story explores themes of war, honor, wrath, and divine intervention, with a particular focus on the Greek hero Achilles, whose anger and refusal to fight have devastating consequences. The narrative also delves into the lives of the gods, their relationships with humans, and their influence on the course of events.
Author: Various
Date: c. 1550 BC
Genre: Funerary Text
Country: Ancient Egypt
Embodying a ritual to be performed for the dead, with detailed instructions for the behavior of the disembodied spirit in the Land of the Gods, it served as the most important repository of religious authority for some three thousand years. Chapters were carved on the pyramids of the ancient 5th Dynasty, texts were written in papyrus, and selections were painted on mummy cases well into the Christian Era. In a certain sense it stood behind all Egyptian civilization.
Author: Various
Date: c. 2100–1200 BCE
Genre: Epic
Country: Mesopotamia
Miraculously preserved on clay tablets dating back as much as four thousand years, the poem of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, is the world’s oldest epic, predating Homer by many centuries. The story tells of Gilgamesh’s adventures with the wild man Enkidu, and of his arduous journey to the ends of the earth in quest of the Babylonian Noah and the secret of immortality. Alongside its themes of family, friendship and the duties of kings, the Epic of Gilgamesh is, above all, about mankind’s eternal struggle with the fear of death.
Author: Gaius Petronius
Date: Late 1st century AD
Genre: Roman Novel
Country: Ancient Rome
The Satyricon is the most celebrated prose work to have survived from the ancient world. It can be described as the first realistic novel, the father of the picaresque genre. It recounts the sleazy progress of a pair of literate scholars as they wander through the cities of the southern Mediterranean in the age of Nero, encountering en route type-figures whom the author wishes to satirize.
Author: Plato
Date: c. 375 BCE
Genre: Socratic Dialogue
Country: Ancient Greece
The Republic is a Socratic dialogue authored by Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man. It is Plato’s best-known work, and one of the world’s most influential works of philosophy and political theory, both intellectually and historically.
Author: Sappho
Date: c. 630 – c. 570 BCE
Genre: Lyric Poetry
Country: Ancient Greece
Sappho is known for her lyric poetry, written to be sung while accompanied by music. In ancient times, Sappho was widely regarded as one of the greatest lyric poets and was given names such as the “Tenth Muse” and “The Poetess”. Most of Sappho’s poetry is now lost, and what is not has mostly survived in fragmentary form; only the Ode to Aphrodite is certainly complete.
Author: Ovid
Date: 8 CE
Genre: Narrative Poetry
Country: Ancient Rome
Homer’s timeless poem still vividly conveys the horror and heroism of men and gods wrestling with towering emotions and battling amidst devastation and destruction, as it moves inexorably to the wrenching, tragic conclusion of the Trojan War.